What role does community play in a person's spiritual formation? Can there be formation outside of community?

Sarah Arthur


I stood at the kitchen window of Isaiah House of Hospitality in East Durham, North Carolina, plunging my hands into hot soapy water. Dinner dishes for a household of twelve. Leftover dishes from various baby feedings earlier in the day. Leftover-leftover breakfast and lunch dishes plus the mess that my housemates made in making all of the above meals. And a kitchen floor like an earthquake zone, rumbling with the aftershocks of mopless days. I had so many more important things to be doing—seminary papers to write, professors to contact, editors to query, speaking engagements to confirm. “Everybody wants a revolution,” a wise person once said, “but nobody wants to do the dishes.”
    
Okay, so maybe I wasn’t looking for revolution. Maybe I was just trying to be obedient. Maybe my husband and I had simply heard God’s call to join an intentional Christian community during our seminary days, and it seemed like the right thing to do. We combined our financial forces with the other community members, shared resources, ate meals together, prayed daily, lived sustainably, and opened our home to women and children who needed a place to get back on their feet. We worshiped at an inner city church down the street and attempted to get to know our neighbors in the ghetto. Nothing revolutionary. Just baby steps in what we hoped was a journey toward grace. But dishes?

“Christianity,” wrote German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer to a group of underground seminarians in 1938, “means community through Jesus Christ and in Jesus Christ.” Whatever political and social forces had joined them together, whatever creed they collectively said against a powerful empire, whatever else they thought Christianity was (a club, a faction, a protest movement), they existed because Jesus called them into being. No human system or movement can create Christian community. No natural affections or shared interests or values—not even the recognized need for community—can manufacture it. A Christian is formed more and more into the image of Christ only insofar as a Christian participates in the body of Christ—that is, the church, and particularly the church breaking bread together around a common table; which is a mystery no human being can generate.

But someone has to make the bread. And someone has to wash the bowls and utensils after making the bread. And someone has to clean up the crumbs from the table and from under the table and carry the tablecloth outside and shake it out for the birds. And then the tablecloth needs to be washed and dried and put away for another meal. Everyone wants community, but no one wants to steward the communion table.

Enter Jesus, bowl of water in his hands, towel slung over his shoulder. “I am among you as one who serves.” He sets the bowl down, starts scrubbing. If we think forks and pots and kitchen floors are bad, try feet. Split, knobbly, filthy, festering feet. Needless to say, there are bodies connected to those feet. There’s a group of people crowded into this kitchen, living their lives, sharing their space, passing the salt. If one wants to be like Jesus, one spends a lot of time cleaning up after the crowd. It’s a kitchen-floor view of the universe.

And when he’s done, he rises and heads into the night to pray alone—and yet not alone, for along come those weary, clean-footed disciples. Sure, he takes a few paces from them and settles against a rock by himself. Sure, they might as well be continents away as slumber whisks them into unconsciousness. But he prays within earshot of their snores because communion leads to community and vice versa.

The hermit on the edge of the desert does not see himself as fleeing all human society, the ultimate introvert. He sees himself as the frontline of defense against the forces of darkness pressing in on the brotherhood. The noonday demon, the kitchen demon, the demon who lurks among the mops and pails—they all have to get past the hermit by the rock first, the wise man wrestling with the devil on behalf of all men everywhere.

I can sling this mop over a communal mess because Christ has won the victory. The Christian life is the cruciform life, the life in the shape of a cross, and it begins in the kitchen. If the one on the cross says, “Do thou likewise,” I daresay we should take him seriously.


Mike King


My dogmatic and resounding answer is No, spiritual formation does not happen biblically outside of community!

My first reaction to these questions was to recall the statement of Cyprian, a third-century bishop of Carthage who claimed, “There is no salvation outside of the church.”

In the second century, Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons wrote, “It is not necessary to seek the truth among others which it is easy to obtain from the church; since the apostles, like a rich man [depositing his money] in a bank, lodged in her hands most copiously all things pertaining to the truth; so that every man, whosoever will, can draw from her the water of life. For she is the entrance to life; all others are thieves and robbers” (Against Heresies, Bk. 3, ch. 4).

Before you get all worked up that I’m promoting a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church (a doctrine that many of us Protestants have commonly misinterpreted), let me make myself clear. I’m not building my response on Roman Catholic doctrine. If you react strongly against what I’ve said so far, I will probably irritate you even more by declaring that if you have a problem with Cyprian’s statement, you will be surprised to know that Luther and Calvin agreed with Cyprian’s position.

Calvin wrote, “There is no other way of entrance into life, unless we are conceived by her (the church), born of her, nourished at her breast, and continually preserved under her care…” (Institutes of the Christian Religion, IV. i. 4).
 
By church, we are not talking about a building but a community of people embodying the great good news and bearing witness of God’s in-breaking kingdom. Embodied faith must include a real body (community, church) and not individual action. Community is absolutely essential for spiritual formation.
 
Human beings were created imago dei; we were made for communion with our triune God and with one another. Certainly, sinfulness has broken the wholeness of imago dei in us, but I submit that this is why Christian formation is essential in the context of a community of people called out to be the people of God. Individualism and human conflict result in a disintegration of communion and unity and are a consequence of our sinfulness and brokenness.

Theologian William Cavanaugh, in his essay “The City: Beyond Secular Parodies” writes, “The effect of sin is the very creation of individuals as such, that is, the creation of an ontological distinction between individual and group” (Radical Orthodoxy: A New Theology, 1999, p. 184). Christian formation in the context of community is the movement toward our eschatological hope of a restored human community as Christ’s body.

The New Testament epistles were mostly written to specific communities of people (general epistles are the exceptions). These communities of the people of God, living in the way of Jesus Christ, are called to corporately live as contrast societies radically distinguished from the broader culture in a way that bears witness to the marvelous light of life with God.

An overview of the epistles reveals unambiguous language concerning the issue of community and togetherness. The reciprocal pronoun “one another” (allēlōn) is found with amazing frequency, describing the shape of life together. Members of the community (the church) were instructed to “instruct one another” (Romans 15:14), to “live in harmony with one another” (Romans 12:16), to “bear one another’s burdens” (Galatians 6:2), to “encourage one another” and “build up each other” (1 Thessalonians 5:11), “be subject to one another” (Ephesians 5:21), “confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another” (James 5:16), and “love one another, deeply, from the heart” (1 Peter 1:22). These examples merely scratch the surface of “one another” verses.

In Galatians 6:1, Paul declares, “My friends, if anyone is detected in a transgression, you who have received the Spirit should restore such a one in a spirit of gentleness.” Paul makes it clear that one member of the community who commits sin is an issue of restoration for the broader spiritual community.

Jesus instructed his disciples to go into the entire world and make disciples, which involves baptizing and teaching these disciples. How can this be done outside of community and relationships? Christian community provides the very context in which we truly learn to be members of the body of Christ and where we are formed to be faithful in our mutual lives together with Jesus Christ.  

Everything about the current version of the American dream places the individual’s quest for happiness and success at the core of the quest. We have created a culture of people who want to be the Survivor, the American Idol, or the Bachelor(ette). Therefore, we are eager and willing to throw people off the island, vote them off the show, or steal their rose in order to find ourselves on top.
 
One of the profound aspects of the movie Avatar was the Na’vi people’s way of acknowledging each other by saying, “I see you.” Too often, we simply don’t see each other, even in our faith communities. This should not be. We must truly see the young people in our churches. They must know we see them. We must also help them see each other and the entire community of people to which they are connected. As youth workers, it is vital that we make it a priority to incorporate young people in our churches into a deep and communal way to the whole congregation because we passionately embrace the reality that this is essential for transformational and lasting Christian formation.

           

Andy Root


The answer is no. There can be no spiritual formation without community. But here’s the rub: community is a darn hard thing to create in our contextual situation. So I would say it like this (and then I’ll explain what I mean): Spiritual formation is impossible outside community, but community is impossible in late modernity (this is an overstatement, but it will keep you reading!).

We church people (and theologians have been particularly guilty of this) have seen community as the great new constructive angle to think about the church and God (to think about them together—which is very important), yet we too often assume that community is simply that feeling of liking to be together. But from the perspective of social theory that actually has very little to do with community; for instance, the social theorist Zygmunt Bauman has explained that for there to be community, the people in the social unit must feel obligated to each other. It is obligation that creates community.
 
The problem is, of course, that it is really hard to force a 15-year-old and her parents to be obligated to the youth group over participation in soccer, band, or SAT prep. This would mean putting your own self-fulfillment on hold and subordinating your individual will for the good of the group (in other words, seeing yourselves as more obligated to each other than you are to yourselves—this was how most pre-modern communities [Gemeinschaft, as Ferdinand Tönnies calls them] were constructed).

But such a perspective is so sacrilegious to American individuals and parents who seek to give their children experiences so they might have the power to embrace their own lives. It is almost impossible to tell kids or parents that they should feel more commitment to the church community than to their own self-fulfillment (too much of that rhetoric and they’ll find a new church). Rather, in most peoples’ minds, the church simply enhances their individual (even spiritual) self-fulfillment—their individual projects of the self.
 
Okay, that’s pretty darn negative, eh? But it means that we have some work to do. We can’t simply think that feelings of closeness equal community. Community isn’t based on feelings but on commitments. Or to say it another way, it isn’t based in intimacy but in obligation. I’m not saying that we should be against feelings of closeness and intimacy (I like those), but we shouldn’t confuse those for community, and therefore, they might not be potent enough to foster formation.

Maybe the greatest theological piece written on community in the last hundred years is Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s rarely read and rarely understood Sanctorum Communio. Here Bonhoeffer asserts that not only is community essential for formation (being conformed to Christ) but for encountering God at all. But how does Bonhoeffer get around the problem of obligation? Bonhoeffer understood it well. He was working from sources like Tönnies and was trying to re-imagine the church theologically in modernity, where religious obligation was waning (hence the call for a religion-less Christianity in Letters and Papers from Prison).

Bonhoeffer actually places a new kind of obligation at the center of community, one that can’t be simply religious or moral but has to be theological. Following Luther’s theology of the cross, Bonhoeffer says that our community is held together by relationship with the other and that these relationships are actually the way we concretely encounter Jesus Christ (Jesus Christ, Bonhoeffer said, exists as church-community).

So for Bonhoeffer, the church is a community that is held together as it seeks God in each others’ lives; this isn’t rigid obligation, but it is more than sensational feelings. So for Bonhoeffer, you not only can’t have formation without community, you can’t even encounter Jesus Christ without community—after all, the church community is the body of Christ.    

But to encounter this God, we must be willing to look in the darkest corners of the other person’s life. Because Jesus Christ has been crucified and resurrected as fully divine and fully human, Jesus is now found in our darkest realities, bringing life out of death, taking our broken humanity and conforming it to Jesus’ own humanity.  

So is community essential for formation? Yes, but not because it makes kids feel good or committed to youth group, and not because it is the best way to pass on religion or morality. Community is essential because it is the form that Jesus Christ—through the Spirit—takes in our world but only in the kind of communities that conform to Jesus’ humanity by seeking God in the broken humanity of others.

So if we are to provide young people with community in youth ministry, it must be the kind of community that seeks Jesus Christ in our stories of yearning, pain, and hope. It is here that community becomes both the vehicle to pass on faith and, more importantly, the concrete experience of God’s very presence.  




What are the essential aspects of leading change in a youth ministry?

Chris Folmsbee


Leading change is a priority skill for any effective leader. Change happens (whether forced by natural processes or birthed by intentional and innovative thinking), and therefore, leaders must know how to adapt to it and lead through it.

In my opinion, this is one of the greatest challenges facing any youth worker. Often the need or desire for change is desperately required but the skill set to make change and lead others into and through change is lacking.

There are several key components to leading change. First, leading change requires a leader who listens carefully. Before change is executed (or while it is happening around you), take intentional and specific time to listen to responses to questions such as the following:

·    What is God saying to me? To others?

·    What is my heart saying?

·    What are others saying?

Determining the pace at which you lead change should be proportional to the surrounding environment and the many elements that make that culture what it is. Listen carefully as you lead change, or it can quickly get out beyond your grasp, causing the process to get off on the wrong foot.

Second, leading change requires that you develop a team of others who can help you navigate and lead. Seeking a team of people who share in a new vision and the responsibilities necessary because of the new vision is imperative. At times it will feel like you can do it on your own or that it would be easier to do it on your own. Don’t fall prey like so many others to that line of thinking. Resist the temptation to lead on your own. Develop a community of people (doesn’t have to be a big one!) to help you lead and who can support and encourage you and test your ideas, etc.

Third, let the team you assemble shape the vision. Don’t make the mistake of inviting others into the process of helping you lead change and then not give them a chance to shape the way the change is made. This obviously doesn’t mean that you give in to other perspectives or opinions that may take you away from the very things you observed and learned as you listened carefully to the surrounding environment. However, it does mean that you must give others the opportunity to refine the vision in a way that allows everyone to buy in.

Fourth, chart the course or develop the strategic plan to move ahead through the change. I run into a lot of youth workers who do the three things above rather well, but when it comes to sticking to a plan, they’ve forgotten to develop a plan to begin with. From A to Z, determine as best as you can what the appropriate and applicable steps are to make change. Obviously, this plan must be flexible and adaptable.
 
Fifth, you need to actually put the plan to work. Again, the plan is there to help you navigate through change. However, regardless of how good the plan is, if it isn’t acted upon, it’s a failed plan. Have the courage to listen carefully, develop a team, cast a vision, set a plan, and then actually make the plan work for you.

Finally, leading effective change requires that you track progress and assess your leadership. Effective change may mean that your original plan needs to change or that the roles certain people are playing on the team need to switch or the vision originally crafted needs to be stated in another way. Whatever the adjustment, you can’t make it if you are not willing to authentically track the progress and assess your own leadership.  
The bottom line is this. To lead change is a skill that every leader needs to develop and refine. The way you lead change at one time will be different than another time, most likely. So be open to change and let it change you as you change it. You will be a better leader if you can respond proactively to change as opposed to reactively.  


Lilly Lewin


Change. Sometimes it needs to happen fast, like firing a leader or volunteer who is inappropriate or ending a program that has passed its prime. But in reality, even those things need to be handled more slowly than we want to.

When I began as the director of Christian Formation at Christ Church, a formal liturgical church, I had just come from a contemporary mega church. I didn’t really understand or know their language or their church culture. I had to slow down and pay attention, which is often frustrating to someone who likes to hit the ground running and get things done.

It takes two years to learn a church culture and four years in a place before the people believe you are really one of them. Then the “old crowd” will put their trust in your ideas and in you!

What does that mean for change? Take baby steps. We have to use the What About Bob? strategy. What About Bob? is an old Bill Murray movie where he plays a lovable psych patient who must learn to take “baby steps” in order to grow and change.

Most of us don’t like baby steps. Most of us like taking big leaps forward because we can see and feel how far behind we are and/or all the possibilities of what could be. (Remember that all churches are behind regardless of their flavor).

In order to see change, we must take a long, slow, deep breath and first learn the culture of our place. When I got to Christ Church, I didn’t have a clue what the senior warden did or what an undercroft was or why the prayer book was so important. I couldn’t stand the curriculum, and I didn’t know if any of my Sunday school teachers had a relationship with Jesus because they expressed it so differently from my contemporary church friends. I had to take the time to learn and actually care about what was important to them. I had to get to know the people and place.

If you are just starting at a new place, leave things alone for a year! In order to see change happen, become a part of the place. It has to be “your” church, not “their” church.

If you want to change things, start by praying.

·    Pray for people to go with you.

·    Pray for favor with parents, leaders, students.

·    Honor the people who disagree. That’s really tough.

Build relationships with key people. If we take the time to build relationships, we are more likely to be successful in whatever change we want to lead.

Whom do I need to build a friendship with who needs to “get” what I’m talking about? Who has influence that can help the change or stop it in its tracks? I don’t mean that you should manipulate people. I mean take the time to get to know people in your congregation—your staff members, your parent and team leaders, board members, etc. They are important to your ministry—as important as the kids in some ways. If they know you and know your heart and “get” your passion, then you will have a platform to share your ideas.

At his very first church, when John Maxwell was in his twenties, he made a point to take every board member out to lunch and get to know them personally. It changed his ministry. The board members became his friends rather than his enemies.

Discuss change. Don’t just do it. If you begin change without building the people’s trust in advance, you will find you are frustrated or fired before the second year. It’s like dating. You have to date your church before you propose. You have to woo them before you ask them to be different or go down a different path. Remember, in reality, only God can change other people. You can only change yourself.

Getting to know your church people means knowing their fears, their dreams, and why they do the things they do. You can see what roadblocks have stopped others and the ones that might stop you. Sometimes you may even have to learn a new language before you can communicate to those you want to lead. I had to learn to speak Episcopalian.

Ask yourself hard questions:

·    Why do I think this needs to happen?

·    What are my motives for change?

·    Is this God’s idea or yours? Ask God to show you what he wants to change.

·    Are you willing to compromise anywhere in your plans?

·    Can you move incrementally versus scraping the whole thing?

Keep taking baby steps! Know that even after you’ve built relationships and even after you’ve prayed, there will still be people who don’t agree with you. There will still be naysayers who aren’t on your side. That’s normal. Just keep showing them compassion and keep praying.

If you have done your homework, taken baby steps, prayed, and spent the time to become a part of the community, you will have more peace in the midst of your ministry and know that God is at work in the changes for the long haul.

           

Dave Rahn

Change is the artistic skill required of leaders. Widely effective leaders have learned to wield their creativity in multiple settings and with a variety of audiences.

Those of us in youth ministry commonly concentrate our energies on the transformation that Jesus Christ brings about in the lives of the young people with whom we work. That is, for most of us, the energizing payoff that we signed on for. The more we understand how to cooperate with the Holy Spirit to bring about this sort of miraculous change, the more fruit we can expect from our ministries. I don’t want to sneeze at this most significant of changes.

In Youth for Christ, we want our ministry site leaders to practice what we call the 5 Essentials. These biblically derived principles are intended to bring about the changes we all care most about; they are true whether we are working with students through Campus Life or with teens locked up in jail in our Juvenile Justice Ministries. In a nutshell, we want our leaders to enlist lots of people in frequent and specific prayer for our work.

We want to initiate uncommonly loving relationships with teens by pursuing them and engaging them in their world. We believe that in our Dr. Phil, advice-giving culture, we need to do a better job of teaching God’s Word and coaching kids to apply it in their lives. Much prayer, much love, much use of Scripture—these three Essentials bring about Spirit-graced life change for would-be followers of Jesus Christ.
 
The remaining two Essentials call us into a different kind of ministry site leadership. We ask our staff to be catalysts for collaboration among churches and like-minded partners in hundreds of communities around the country. Our goal is to help bring about the kind of unity that Jesus prayed for in John 17—that which testifies to the reality of the one true God in our midst. Together we hope to raise indigenous young leaders and empower them to multiply their influence. Both of these Essentials bring about change of another order—they aspire to reshape the very fabric of a community, something very different from helping individual teens through prayer, love, or teaching the Bible.
 
It requires an unusual vision to see how local churches can operate beyond their existing parish boundaries to come through as the body of Christ on behalf of young people who are far from God. Those who lead change that mobilizes other people must possess an inspiring vision and compelling character.

For example, humility positions leaders with the attitudes needed to listen and learn from others. In our YFC culture, we need to appreciate diversity of perspectives and others’ uniquely valuable contributions. Many who work in churches realize that they activate a willingness to change among parents and congregational stakeholders after they demonstrate a willingness to hear concerns, accommodate additional dreams, and even adjust their timelines so that there is genuine buy-in for the directional change being advocated.
 
Youth ministry is most simple when it represents a transaction between two people. “You wanna help me change?” a kid might ask. Permission granted.  

But just try to drop the weekend retreat your church has “always” done from your schedule one year. Efforts like these reveal that there is always a definable group of people whose ownership is necessary for change to take place. Effective leaders see who needs to be on board, recognize what flexibility is necessary to secure their support, and bend like weeds to seal the deal.
 
Pure artistry.




How would you describe the necessary way to view apologetics for a post-Christian world?


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Chris Folmsbee


It isn’t enough for us to view apologetics in a necessary and new way. Apologetics must be practically lived out in a necessary and new way. This may begin with a new view, but it cannot reside there. Ultimately, a necessarily new apologetic for a post-Christian world must end with a new way of life.  

Before I describe what I think is a necessary way to view (and live) apologetics for a post-Christian world, I think it is important to begin by defining the term “post-Christian.”
 
In its simplest definition, post-Christian simply means that Christianity is no longer the prevailing religious conviction in the world today. Or said another way, the values of people are no longer primarily shaped by a Christian message. When defined as above, the term often assumes a pessimistic position.

Those of us who have conversations about the church also use the term post-Christian to identify an emerging generation of people who have been raised with little or no Christian tradition to speak of. To post-Christians, the ideas of one supernatural God, the Bible, and the church are completely alien. When defined as such, post-Christian in the evangelistic and redemptive context often assumes an optimistic position on the world. Whether one holds a pessimistic or optimistic outlook, one thing is certain. The church needs to embrace a new kind of apologetic.

To me, there are three primary elements of a new kind of apologetic that move apologetics in a post-Christian context from rational argument and logical reasoning to a way of life. The three primary elements are: (1) personal holiness, (2) embodied practice, and (3) trusted guidance.
 
The blend of those three things lived out in the life of a Christian in a post-Christian context will stand taller than modern methods of apologetics. A holy life, a commitment to living out the message of Jesus and allowing the Holy Spirit to direct one’s life, will prove to be—in my opinion—the greatest apologetic in a post-Christian world, therefore revealing a truly transcendent God whose mission it is to restore the world to its intended wholeness.  



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Scot McKnight


My job, peculiarly enough, is to introduce students to Jesus. I’m a professor, and my discipline is Bible, and one of our required courses is called Introduction to the Bible. Which means I look at mostly first-year students from the end of August until mid-December as we go through the main elements in the story of the Bible. Now the peculiar part: a good portion of my students make no profession of faith; many of them are young agnostics, and a few—though quite rare in my experience—are young atheists.

I don’t care what they believe—or at least, what they believe isn’t the issue at hand. What is at hand is that they have to master the basic plot of the Bible, understand what the gospel of the Bible is, read a few books, take a few tests, and write a few papers. And I grade them.

Annabelle is a good example. She came to my class one August, sat in the back row, and settled in for what had to be a weird experience for someone with her past. I began class by giving a quiz that was designed to accomplish two things at once: reveal to me what the students knew about the Bible so I could measure what they learned by the end of the semester and reveal to the students how little they knew. The test does both well. The first question is the easiest one: Who are the first two people mentioned in the Bible? It gets harder from that point on.

Fifteen minutes or so into the first day of class, Annabelle approached me, handed me her first-day test, and said, “I don’t think this class is for me.”

I asked, “Why is that?”

“Because I don’t know anything about the Bible. I can’t answer any of the questions.”

I said back (rather stupidly I realize in hindsight): “Not even the first question?”

She answered, “Nope, not even the first one.”

Well, there are no other options for Annabelle. The course is required for graduation. So I said to her, in a moment of what I consider to be Spirit-prompted grace because it wasn’t all that gracious until this moment: “Annabelle, this class will be designed for you.”

I made a commitment to Annabelle, and I taught with her in mind every day. I learned her name; I said hello to her every day by using her name. She got to where she walked by me quickly on her way to chair, but she smiled and made quick eye contact. I gave her the assignments and gave her space to think about the Bible and the gospel and Jesus. She never asked a question about the lectures.

About halfway through the semester, I saw some changes in her face, like she was getting it. Then I began to notice a sparkle in her eyes, and I knew something was going on, but she didn’t seem to want to sit down and chat, so I just kept saying, “Hello, Annabelle,” and she kept smiling.

One of the final assignments students can write is an evaluation of their faith and how their faith has changed. She wrote me a story that made the entire semester float in the clouds. Her father had been religiously abused; he prohibited church attendance and Bible reading and would not let his kids talk about God. So Annabelle had come into class as a total newbie. But, as she said in her paper, “As I read the Bible, I always felt like my heart was being warmed, as if God was present inside me or something.”

She went on to tell me that she was now reading her Bible every day and loving it; she said she had told her dad that she would be going to church, and he wasn’t happy about it, but he said it was her choice. She said Jesus was now her own personal Lord.

Four years later, in May, Annabelle graduated with a degree in nursing. We have a custom at North Park that the graduates process after the faculty, and we stand there and clap for them as they walk by us. Annabelle came through the line, saw her Bible professors, offered a big smile, shook our hands, and hugged us.

Give them space, give them the story of the Bible, give them the story of Jesus, and God’s Spirit will do the work.
 
Apologetics, I’ve learned, has changed. Arguments work with some, but the newbie would rather hear the story. That story, we must remember, Paul calls the power of God.

           


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Dave Rahn


I agree that I live in a post-Christian world, but it may be arguable that the world is post-Christian.  Intelligentsia who live in Europe and America certainly seem to have gotten a bit too big for their Christian faith britches. Sometimes I can feel the condescension—like those of us who love the Lord should have outgrown our small-minded worldview by now. But there are plenty of places in the world where such a perspective is rightfully dismissed for the self-aggrandizing pap that it is. The experiential reality of many second- and third-world Christians is far too dynamically derived from the Holy Spirit of God to be threatened by post-modern arguments.

And therein lies the apologetic key for us all.

There are a few tests to lay on any thought framework that espouses to be a worldview contender. Is there internal consistency with the different parts of how life is explained? This particular test may be a bit out of favor now that modernity is slipping below the horizon. Christianity can get a good grade, but it’s probably not the SAT score we want to wave around just now.

Another question to ask is whether a worldview actually corresponds to observed reality. This is where the smart guys outthink themselves. They can do so much reframing of experience that the makeover ceases to look anything like the lives that we live. The Christian explanation for things, properly understood, does a fabulous job describing life as we know it. And the dominant common story line that needs to be satisfactorily explored is that of human suffering.

In fact, church leaders and authors like Tim Keller and Ajith Fernando have sweetly shown us how biblical truth more completely and honestly explains our human condition than the package of self-deluding half lies trotted out in contemporary culture. We shouldn’t start with headline-grabbing atrocities because that’s not the source of our problems. Sin is. And authenticity is an important enough value that there seems to be a new willingness to reckon with how the ego-dominated destructive (self and other ways) tendencies in our souls wreak micro- and macro-havoc on our world.

Of course, there are still some hideous presentations of the Christian faith on the scene that apologists have to overcome. The inclination to try to correct our public persona by controlling our image rather than reforming our substance has been, in my estimation, disastrous. Our neighbors in the world laugh derisively when we embrace such tactics. The collective evidence testifies that a spin-crafted faith—so fundamentally different from the first-century transformational powerhouse that Jesus launched—is impotent and irrelevant.

The last question to ask of any worldview contender is whether the outlined solutions actually work to overcome real-life challenges. We who love and follow Jesus know that he is the fundamental answer—the way, the truth, and the very source of life itself. It’s when our lives fail to demonstrate this coherence and integrity that our apologetic efforts will be dead in the water.

Wherever Jesus’ people are ego-burying, cross-carrying, love-sharing servants, the gospel advances. The most polished and well-rehearsed presentations never can win hearts like humility, transparency, and honesty do. God’s grace in Christ Jesus in us is the juice that needs to be tasted. Our fully surrendered lives are now and always have been the foothold the Holy Spirit uses to guide men and women into truth.



What is your cultural context?


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Steve Argue


When one thinks of culture, it’s easy to default toward focusing on ethnicity, and though a salient perspective, culture cuts through many storylines, including gender, socio-economic status (SES), language, age, etc. Attempts to understand people in a cultural context are often done with generalizing descriptions (e.g., parents are out of touch; adolescents are having more sex). While such descriptions may raise awareness of potential themes associated with a particular cultural context, generalizable descriptions may also create stereotypes that do violence to the uniqueness and complexity of each individual. All races, all ethnicities, all genders, all adolescents, all youth pastors are not the same, which makes defining cultural contexts complicated.

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz has been helpful to me as I have reflected on my own and others’ contexts. First, he has reminded me that it is impossible for me to describe a cultural context objectively. In other words, I cannot observe something there without bringing the here of my own embedded culture into the experience. Thus, all descriptions have a there/here dynamic to them. This challenges me to reflect on my own assumptions and cultural frames, raising sensitivity for how these affect the way I see the world.

As for me, I am a white, Euro-American, male, married, middle-class, midwestern heterosexual. I have known privilege economically and educationally. I am a child of divorced parents, and I am a brother, a father, a husband, and a friend. These frames shape what I notice, what I miss, and how I interpret both. They help and hurt my ability to understand others.

Geertz has been helpful to me in a second way. His work challenged ethnographers to pursue a thick description of the cultures they chose to represent. A thick description does not merely describe others’ actions but seeks to understand the meanings behind them. Seeking thick descriptions, then, cautions me from making generalizations or judgments on others’ actions based on my perspectives. Instead, it challenges me to understand others as unique individuals who frame their world on their terms, not my limited generalizations.

This has dramatic consequences for the way one does youth ministry. Misunderstanding of the multiple, complicated cultural frames and poor self-reflection of one’s own cultural biases mixed with religion can create a dangerous cocktail of oppression. Often, parents are perceived as the enemy (thus blamed or ignored), and adolescents are seen as unspiritual (and thus coerced and manipulated in Jesus’ name). The youth worker must remember that with any encounter with the other (especially adolescents), he is entering into a cross-cultural experience. She moves from teacher to learner; leader to fellow journeyer; life-changer to the one whose life is changed. The there/here encounter of one to another brings about transformative change in both, allowing the youth worker to be a faithful advocate of adolescents.

And so my cultural context is continually changing as I interact with others. The there/here is perpetually familiar and foreign to me, thus requiring great discipline for me not to default to my unchecked assumptions. As an adult, I’m committed to understanding children and adolescents, resisting the urge to superimpose my adult history, perspectives, and thinking upon their existences. This requires the study of sociological and developmental issues and slowing down long enough to have a conversation with each of them.

As a Euro-American, heterosexual male, I’m committed to being more sensitive to the reality that, as my Taiwanese friend said to me (rightly), “the world was made for me.” Most of what I have accomplished has been supported by social structures that have set me up for success. And so I’m committed to learning more about what it means to resist systemic inequality as I learn from the stories of others’ ethnic, orientation, and gender perspectives.

This is as much of a confession as a commitment. For I know that in the midst of my good intentions, all these cultural perspectives slip off the radar when I get tired, want my way, or when I’m afraid to enter into another’s world. While a blanket confession doesn’t do justice to the people I have failed, I hope it’s a promise to continue to see each person as created in the image of God, worthy of being understood and valued as an individual.



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Danny Kwon


When I consider my cultural context for ministry, my initial and consistent response is that it is youth.  In other words, teenagers are my cultural context for ministry. In fact, I have always been a proponent of the idea that by definition, youth ministry is across culture.

Culture is often defined in relation to the values, beliefs, norms, and symbols that are common to a specific group of people. Other aspects in defining culture are the shared qualities that make a group unique, or customs and the way of life of a group of people.  Using this definition, one can easily understand that teenagers are a unique culture in themselves.  

This was something I realized again recently as I was trying to get a better grasp of the values, beliefs, norms, and symbols of my youth group students. Similarly, even as an 18-year youth worker, I still fall short in completely understanding youth culture. For example, in some recent time with our youth, I thought I was so “hip” in talking about Lady Gaga until I realized that she is not even on the radar for many of them. Similarly, in talking to my students about America’s Best Dance Crew, I realized I was talking about season 3 when they were discussing the most recent season 5.

All this is not to say we need to be experts about youth culture. That is a tall order. Rather, in considering both a missional and missiological perspective, I believe it is important to at least have an empathetic understanding of youth culture and to have a compassion and acceptance of their values, beliefs, norms, and symbols. In doing so, we take a great step forward in loving and ministering to our students by hearing the stories and narratives of our teenagers and letting them find a place of acceptance and connection with ours. And ultimately, in nurturing this connection, we participate in God’s work of connecting God’s story to the stories, narratives, and culture of our teenagers.

While understanding youth as a culture is a most vital aspect in considering my cultural context for ministry, I cannot deny the importance of my cultural context of ministry from an ethnic heritage point of view. Moreover, when one considers cultural context, many people are probably thinking of it in these terms, whether consciously or unconsciously. Ethnicity most often deals with identity with or membership in a particular racial or national group and the observance of that group’s values, beliefs, norms, and symbols. Hence, being the son of immigrants from South Korea and serving in the local church context at a Korean church, the ethnic identity and culture of being Korean is a big part of racial and cultural makeup of many of our youth and adults. This ethnic distinction forms a big part of our culture as a people and church, as well as impacting and affecting our Korean youth group students in distinct and unique ways as far as the issues they deal with.  

Ultimately, what is the importance of all this? First, my wife and I always resonate with the words attributed to Martin Luther King Jr, who noted that eleven am on Sunday is the most segregated hour in America. Hence, even at our Korean church—and especially within our youth group comprised of many Korean students—we hope that we would not be just an ethnocentric ministry. This means basically that our Korean ethnic context would not place our ethnic context at the center of our world, thus consciously or subconsciously preventing us from understanding and ministering to people of other cultures. Thus, within our youth group, we are intentional to minister to students from the local community and schools from diverse backgrounds.  
    
For youth ministries and youth workers, I would just ask you to consider this as something to cherish and value. Moreover, if by 2050, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, minorities will be the majority population in America, then being open to people of diverse backgrounds is becoming a necessity. Hence, if you see a person of a different ethnic heritage come to your youth group, be sure to value and endear yourself to the values, beliefs, norms, and symbols that have shaped their narrative and story, both as a teenager and as someone of distinct ethnic heritage. Ultimately, in doing so, we are not just learning about their cultural context but also loving our neighbor and participating in God’s Great Commission. Moreover, we are modeling an eschatological view of God’s kingdom for our students that will hopefully lead to seeing God’s “kingdom come on earth as it is in heaven.”  

           


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Dave Rahn


The question of cultural context is, essentially, a question of awareness. As such, I find it slightly insufficient and generally uninteresting. Why is that?

I suspect it’s because I’ve hung around too many circles where participants unpack cultural context for one another with dispassionate objectivity. They’re like Joe Friday on Dragnet: “Just the facts, ma’am.” It’s an exchange of academic knowledge, too often disconnected from any personal obligation.  

But we followers of Jesus at any moment in time are accountable to be faithful to that which God has taught us. So my boredom evaporates when I get the chance to scrutinize those particulars of cultural context that are relevant to my assignment from the Lord.

Years ago I led a Campus Life outreach at a large local high school in Indiana. The school was the only one in the county, the result of a recent consolidation that was pretty controversial for some residents. My ministry was only mildly effective, in part because I was inclined to see my work with and through the 50-60 meeting attendees rather than the 2,000 who attended the school and the thousands of others who were stakeholders in this educational enterprise.

For each of my next three Campus Life assignments, my sense of clarity about what I was called to do drove me increasingly deeper into the cultural contexts of the respective schools. At rural Norwell, I learned to get in touch with how the wider school population lived; these were, after all, the kids I was trying to reach with the love of Christ. Elmhurst was an ethnically diverse blue-collar city high school without much community pride. When I began South Side’s inner city ministry, I encountered more racial and economic division than in any place prior. Each school had kids who needed to know Jesus, and though they were within 25 miles of one another, they each represented extremely different socio-cultural worlds. And I cared about understanding those cultural contexts because I was convinced the Lord wanted me to concentrate my mission efforts at those locations.

As layered and complex as those contexts were (and are), the assignments at least seemed doable. By pounding the neighborhood pavement, hanging out in the parks and fast-food places where kids were drawn, moving through the schools, and getting connected to community activities, businesses, and churches, I could get immersed enough in the local culture to identify with those God had called me to serve.

But the Lord also opened up my eyes and heart to a wider vision, and the leadership range of my life and ministry kept getting bigger. As I took on responsibility for ministry in five counties, I realized that when it came to particular cultural contexts, I had to defer to the expertise of those who were already embedded in their communities. My own relevant questions of culture began to shift in accordance with the scope of leadership to which I was being called.

Nowadays, I hang out at airports and LaQuinta hotels and rental car agencies. My sense of local connectivity and context has never been lower. My wife and I feel the loss of natural community that comes with such a life. But as before, I am trying to understand the cultural context that is most relevant to the assignment I have from the Lord. So I work hard to get to know both the landscape of church and youth ministry in America and the culture of Youth for Christ/USA, the national organization which I help lead.
 
I know that the Lord’s current call on me is to multiply empowered leaders who are called to lead the charge on behalf of Jesus’ love for lost kids in their own communities. They get to concentrate, to dive deep, and deal in particularities. In my national role, I can offer limited observations about whatever common cultural contexts may exist. Perhaps I can point out general patterns that are helpful or wrangle in public discourse about issues important to our mission. But it is their expertise that needs to be cultivated and unleashed in very specific locales if our evangelistic mission is to be effective.

I sure hope that my contributions make a difference to those distributed leaders and staff I serve because—to my way of thinking—they’re having all the fun.



What is the mission of God? And what is our role in that?


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Mike King


In his 2006 speech at the National Prayer Breakfast, Bono referred to a spiritual leader to whom he made constant requests for prayers and blessings on behalf of his works of justice around the world. Bono declared, “This wise man asked me to stop. He said, ‘Stop asking God to bless what you’re doing. Get involved in what God is doing—because it’s already blessed.’”

So what is God doing? What is God’s mission? The term missio dei (mission of God) implies that God has a purposeful plan. Karl Barth emphasized the reality that God is at work, actio dei (the action of God). We often think of mission when we discuss the mission and activity of God, which, unfortunately, is so enmeshed in a Western mindset of saving the heathen. The script of ministry mixed with colonial ambitions has wreaked havoc throughout Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, the Middle East, and Asia.

The mission of God must be understood by the church to be much more than soteriological concerns of the church to get people saved. God’s mission is much broader than expansion of the church. No doubt, the church is called to participate directly in God’s mission and activity. However, the activity and mission of God extend beyond the life of the church. God’s mission doesn’t exist because of the church; the church exists because of God’s mission. God’s work in the world has many participants beyond the church. The church must do a better job of bearing witness to the reality that others are participating in God’s mission, even those participants who may not even be aware of their cooperation with God’s activity.

The mission of God also must be understood as an attribute of the triune God. The Western church theological focus has been on “sentness”—the Father sending the Son, the Father and Son sending the Holy Spirit, and the Father, Son, and Spirit sending the church. To grasp the beauty of our triune God in relation to the mission of God, we must recover the Eastern Church Trinitarian emphasis on God’s radical communality and the movement toward restoration and shalom. We are being invited to participate in God’s mission and activity through our triune God’s perichoretic activity of relational and complete restoration.

As followers of Jesus, we must see our roles within our church communities to participate fully and passionately in God’s overarching mission with the eschatological hope of the absolute reign of God and the restoration of all things.  When our future meets God’s eschatological reality, what will this new earth and new world be like? When God’s mission is complete, when God’s reign is on earth as it is in heaven, what will that look like? What is our hope?

To answer this, we must focus on Jesus Christ. The best way for us to understand the manifestation of missio dei is to see it Christo-centrically. Through God’s special revelation—Jesus Christ—we are restored and reconciled to God, to ourselves, to others, and to the entire creation. Not only are we redeemed through Jesus Christ’s salvific work but also all things—including all creation groaning for restoration—will be made new.

Through the incarnation, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, God’s ultimate plan and purpose for his entire creation was made manifest and was accomplished in an already/not-yet reality. With Christ as the first fruit, we believe there will be resurrection. There will be healing and peace among people. There will be justice for all. No more hunger, suffering, and death. There will be a return of shalom.

We must broaden the vision of our young people to understand that they are being invited to cooperate with God’s mission. We are co-agents in God’s restorative work. We are Jesus’ followers engaged in God’s missional activity; we are his friends and co-laborers. This message is so much more compelling for young people to give their lives to. Focusing primarily on getting young people saved so they can go to heaven when they die is insufficient to ignite the imagination of this generation to order their lives in abandonment to God’s entire, encompassing, restorative mission.

We must engage in Christian formation of young people that leads to a more robust understanding of God’s overarching mission and activity throughout all creation. This understanding must involve a proper view of the church’s role within this mission as truly unique and special because God planned it that way. But they must also have the spiritual maturity to discern that God’s mission is greater than being bound exclusively within the scope of the church. We must know when to point to those outside the church and to activities outside the church (even in other religions) and bear witness to God’s mission and activity by proclaiming, “There it is.”


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Scot McKnight


The year was 369 AD, and the land was the eastern portion of what we now call Turkey. The church leader of the area was Basil, son of wealthy Christian parents and brother to two future saints, Gregory of Nyssa and Macrina, his sister. The problem was a brutal, enduring famine that was soon stretching humans to their limits. Parents went to bed wondering if it might not be wiser to sell some of their children in order to keep some of the others alive and then wondered if they could ever look the remaining children in their eyes following such a profound breach of trust.
    
What to do? was the question Basil, now bishop, was asking himself daily. Basil the Great answered that question by tapping into the answers he had absorbed so deeply to a different question: What is God doing in this world, and what does God want of us, his people? Answering that question enabled Basil to answer the more pressing question.

Basil, if you don’t know the story, began to sell off the acres and acres of land his parents had passed on to him, and when the needs became more pressing, he created the first-ever Christian community, called The New City and eventually known as Basiliad, a place for kingdom living. At the Basiliad, described as a koinobios, a “life in common,” lepers were nursed, the poor were provided for, the hungry were given food, and the Lord was worshiped and served.

Living with and for others was the only reasonable response to the breakouts of need Basil faced, but living with and for others was grounded for Basil in what he knew God was like and what God was doing in this world.

The mission of God shapes the mission of God’s people.

But Basil knew that God’s mission didn’t begin at creation. He knew it never began but always was. This great Cappadocian theologian was one of the architects plumbing the depths of how to understand God as three-in-one and one-in-three. The foundational term used then was the Greek word perichoresis, which describes the mutual indwelling and the mutual inter-penetration of the Father and the Son and the Spirit.

Let’s get this down to manageable levels now: perichoresis is the idea that the Father’s life was with the Son and the Spirit and that the Father’s life was for the Son and the Spirit; and the same is true of the Son and the Spirit. When all is said and done, the Trinity becomes an endless dance of love for the “others.”

The mission of God begins in the perichoresis of the Trinity.

It follows, then, for Basil, that he as leader and his people as followers of Christ were to dwell with those in need and to live for those in need; which they did, and none did it better, and none gave up more, and none sacrificed himself more willingly than this great leader of the church. Basil set the tone and the example, and the Basiliad has become a living testimony of what God’s people look like when they live out the mission of God in this world: they live with one another and for one another.

Perhaps it surprises some today, but it would not have surprised Basil that the final scene of the Bible describes God’s people as they are supposed to be. That scene is found in Revelation 21, where we discover that God’s people finally find themselves exactly where they are supposed to be and doing exactly what they are designed to do; and that place is a city, the New Jerusalem, and what they are doing is dwelling with God and for God and with one another and for one another.

This city, and I see no reason not to call it the City of God, descends from the heavens to the earth, showing us that life on the earth matters eternally and that what we do now will shape what we can do then. This city is God’s dwelling among his people, and this city is itself the new creation (21:5). This city is perfectly proportioned and made of the best of materials for the best of people because God wants his people to dwell in joy and peace and love. But what is perhaps most powerful is that the city has no temple because the temple is the Lamb, Jesus himself.

The mission of God is for you and me to be with God and to live for God and to be with one and another and to be for one another, and all of this we do with Jesus Christ in the center.  He is our temple, and he is our light.

           


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Dave Rahn


Living missionally is all the rage today. Makes me wonder if God is impressed that we are getting something so important finally dialed in. Without presuming to speak for the Lord, I do wonder why it’s taking us so long to calibrate what it means to live into the mission of God. This is not a new idea.

This mission of God is rooted in the creation story. We humanoids were designed to have our lives centered around the one true God, Creator of heaven and earth and all things in between. By being connected in proper relationship with God, we were made to enjoy him, serve him, interact with him, and love him forever. Among all of the other artistry created by the Lord, we are his masterpiece. He takes pleasure in our comfortable delight in him and that which he created for us to enjoy.

Imagine that there was a mission statement hung on some heavenly wall, before God moved on the great nothing to divide it into light and dark, heaven and earth, land and water, sun and moon. The ultimate division was between multitudes of wild creatures and man, made in God’s own image. The mission statement might read: That all who are made in my image might live in joyous union with me and in appreciative harmony with everyone and everything else I have created for their benefit. Or perhaps a pre-automobile bumper sticker: Love me and enjoy my loving provision forever.  

We can wordsmith this idea of the mission of God, but the ultimate picture is not unlike what Lawrence Richards wrote about when he used hyphenation as a means to express what it’s all about: faith-as-life. Our very life is hidden, discovered, and experienced when we are in right relationship with the Creator God. Every other relationship with everything else in creation has the potential to be life-enhancing when our Creator God is honored as Lord of every aspect of our existence.

But we could benefit from some contextualization. The overarching story of the Bible is that sin’s introduction to our existence in Genesis 3 tacks on an important addendum to the mission of God. We know longer naturally know this God who loves us and wants us to know him. Our individual and collective souls have been distorted by sin, inclining us to move away from our created purposes and to flail about in an illusory abyss of self-destruction. We are lost unless rescued by a loving God. We are hopelessly unable to comprehend the truth of our existence if the Lord does not save us from ceaselessly swapping ignorance with ourselves.

Our role in the mission of God today—and since the fall—has been to make the one true God known among the nations and to bear witness that in him alone can we find the life for which we were created. Our ability to tell that story well is directly proportionate to our ability to live fully into that story of redemption, reconciliation, and life.  

Along the way, we endlessly fight off every new contender for the allegiance of our hearts, setting them apart to be wholly given to the one true God. Every time we win large or small battles with idolatrous temptations, we declare over and over again to our fellow flawed humans that false gods fail. And if—by God’s grace and mercy—our lives and words are synched by integrity, we may be honored to play a role as assets in the mission of God.




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